of explanation may sound somewhat ignoble, but the ‘efficient cause’ is another legitimate biblical perspective. Scripture clearly indicates that other people and prior events affect us; our personal histories make a difference. As such, the Bible provides a rich theology of victimization, of being sinned against. Adulteresses can seduce, sinners can entice, people can stir up dissension among brothers, parents can provoke children to wrath, harsh words can provoke anger, one person can be a stumbling